Course Content
Introduction to computers
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Definition of computer
Components of a Computer
Types of Computers
Generations of Computers
Computer Architecture
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Introduction to Computer Architecture
Basic Computer Organization
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
CPU Architecture
Memory Hierarchy and Management
Bus and I/O Architecture
. Pipelining and Parallelism
Advanced Architectures
computer organization
Computer Organization: Detailed Explanation Computer Organization refers to the operational structure of the computer system and describes the components that make up a computer and how they work together to execute instructions. It involves the physical aspects of the system's design and how the various parts interact, such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices, and buses. 1. Introduction to Computer Organization 2. Basic Components of a Computer System 3. CPU Organization 4 Memory Organization 5. Data Representation 6. Instruction Execution 7. Interconnection Structures 8. Pipelining and Parallelism 9. Performance Considerations
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Introduction to Computer Organization
Basic Components of a Computer System
. CPU Organization
Memory Organization
. Data Representation
Instruction Execution
Interconnection Structures
. Pipelining and Parallelism
Performance Considerations
Computer Hardware: An Overview
Computer hardware refers to the physical components that make up a computer system. These components work together to execute instructions and perform tasks. Hardware is essential to the functioning of any computer, and it includes both the internal components (like the CPU and memory) and external components (like input and output devices). Hardware components can be broadly categorized into three main groups: 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) 2. Memory and Storage 3. Input and Output Devices
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Memory and Storage
Input and Output Devices
computer software
Computer Software: An Overview Computer software refers to the set of programs, applications, and instructions that enable a computer to perform specific tasks. Unlike hardware, which refers to the physical components of a computer, software is intangible and controls the hardware to make it functional for the user. Software can be divided into two broad categories: 1. System Software 2. Application Software 3. Programming Languages (or Programming Software)
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System Software
Application Software
Programming Languages (or Programming Software
Operating System: An Overview
An Operating System (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system acts as an intermediary between users and the computer hardware. It ensures that hardware and software components work together efficiently and provides a user-friendly environment for interacting with the system. The operating system is the most fundamental program running on a computer, as it coordinates and controls all other programs and tasks. Without an operating system, a computer would be a collection of hardware components without any functional cohesion. 1.functions of operating system 2.types of operating system
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Functions of an Operating System
.Types of Operating Systems
Programming Basics
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Programming Language
. Types of Programming Languages
Computer Networks: An Overview
A computer network is a system of interconnected computers and devices that can communicate with each other to share resources, exchange data, and provide various services. Computer networks can be small, like a home network, or vast, like the internet, enabling communication across the globe. 1.what is network 2.network types 3. network devices 4. protocols 5. IP ADDRESS
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. What is a Network?
Types of Networks
. Network Devices
Protocols
IP Address
Cyber Security: An Overview
Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks, damage, or unauthorized access. The primary goal of cybersecurity is to safeguard the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of information and prevent cyberattacks that can cause financial loss, data theft, or disruption of services. As digital systems become more integrated into everyday life, cybersecurity becomes increasingly crucial in ensuring the safety of personal, organizational, and governmental data. 1.WHAT IS CYBER SECURITY 2.TYPES OF THREATS 3.SECURITY MEASURES 4.AUTHENTICATION
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What is Cyber Security?
Types of Threats
Security Measures
. Authentication
Cloud Computing: An Overview
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. What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud Service Models
Benefits of Cloud Computing
Cloud Providers
Troubleshooting and Maintenance: An Overview
Troubleshooting and maintenance are crucial aspects of ensuring that computer systems, devices, and networks function optimally. Troubleshooting helps identify and resolve issues that arise during the operation of a system, while maintenance involves regular tasks to keep the system running smoothly and efficiently. Both are essential for ensuring reliability, performance, and longevity of computer hardware and software. 1.BASIC TROUBLE SHOOTING 2.SYSTEM UPDATES 3.DATA BACKUPS 4.ROUTINE MAINTAINANCE
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Basic Troubleshooting
. System Updates
Data Backups
. Routine Maintenance
Basic Of Computers
About Lesson

Memory and storage are crucial components for data retention and retrieval in a computer system. Although both store data, there are key differences between memory and storage in terms of speed, size, and volatility.

Memory (Primary Memory)

  • Primary memory is used by the CPU to store data and instructions that are actively being used or processed. It is much faster than secondary storage but is volatile, meaning it loses its contents when the computer is turned off.
    • RAM (Random Access Memory): RAM is the main memory used by the CPU to store data and instructions that are actively in use. It is volatile and loses all its data when the system is powered off.
    • Cache Memory: Cache memory is a small, fast memory that stores frequently accessed data for quicker retrieval by the CPU. It is faster than RAM and is often built directly into the CPU or located close to it.

Storage (Secondary Storage)

  • Secondary storage is used for long-term data storage. It retains information even when the computer is turned off. Secondary storage is generally slower than primary memory, but it offers much higher storage capacity.
    • Hard Disk Drive (HDD): A traditional form of secondary storage, HDDs use magnetic disks to store data. They offer large storage capacity but are slower than modern alternatives.
    • Solid-State Drive (SSD): SSDs use flash memory to store data, offering faster data access speeds and better reliability than HDDs, though they tend to be more expensive per gigabyte of storage.
    • Optical Discs (CDs, DVDs): These are used for storing data in a form that can be read by a laser. They are less common today due to the popularity of USB drives and cloud storage.
    • USB Flash Drives and External SSDs: These portable storage devices are often used for file transfer and backup. They are compact and typically offer faster speeds than traditional HDDs.

Difference between Memory and Storage:

  • Memory (RAM) is fast and volatile (temporary storage), whereas storage (HDD/SSD) is slower but non-volatile, making it suitable for long-term data retention.
  • Memory is used by the CPU to execute programs and instructions, while storage is where data, files, and applications are stored when not in use.
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